It alleged that officers and others had planned to destabilise the country and throw it into chaos.
It has been almost a year since the interim President Capt Ibrahim Traoré seized power.
That was the country’s second coup of 2022, which took place amid a growing Islamist insurgency.
In a statement read out on television on Wednesday evening, the authorities said some arrests had been made and they were actively pursuing other suspects, without giving specific details. The military prosecutor has since said that four officers have been detained.
It said the alleged perpetrators “had the sinister intention of attacking the institutions of the republic and plunging the country into chaos”.
Hours earlier, Capt Traoré had issued a statement saying he was “determined to safely lead the transition [to democracy] despite adversity and the various manoeuvres to stop our inexorable march towards assumed sovereignty”. He also thanked pro-junta supporters for “their vigilance”.
The junta has said elections will take place by July next year.
On Tuesday, rumours of a brewing mutiny led hundreds of people to take to the streets of the capital, Ouagadougou, in support of the junta.
On the same day, the authorities suspended the French-language news magazine Jeune Afrique, accusing it of publishing articles discrediting the armed forces.
The widespread jihadist insurgency, which spilled over from neighbouring Mali in 2015, has complicated plans to hand over power to civilians by next year.
About 6,000 people have been killed this year alone in jihadist attacks, according to data from the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (Acled).